Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication

Gender Differences in Nonverbal CommunicationThe Gender Differences in Nonverbal CommunicationAbstractIntroductionAim/ PurposeTheoryParticipants progenyResultsConclusionReferencesAbstractThis research will attempt to test the hypothesis whether there is gender passing in substance ab habituate of non verbal confabulation betwixt male and female with use of motilitys. The participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar groomting located in downtown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were non approached or inquired.For the purpose of this scan, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than compose or spoken, such as exit gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a distinct distinction between the end of one gesture and t he beginning of some other. The difference in the mean of slip away gestures used by hands (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by wowork force (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,two tailed. The information collected did support our hypothesis that wo custody would use much hand gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men.IntroductionAccording to Briton and Hall (2005), in a very habitual sense, non-verbal communication simply includes all forms of communication, which are not achieved purely through the use of words or other symbols that perform the analogous task as words. This has been emphasized by Semnani-Azad, Adair, (2011), who reiterate that this is simply not a extension to our behavior (although, of course, some people do act like animals). It is a reference to the fact that humans are biological creatures, as much as crocodiles, cougars, and capyb ara (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011). We are the product of millions of years of evolution, our physical start out-up changing to make us fitter to survive and reproduce.Aim/ PurposeThis Essay will attempt to analyse whether a gender difference exist in use of verbal communication between male and female this can contribute towards understanding the literature about the elements of non verbal communication. Although humans are animals, we also provoke something that no other animal has the most complex social structure on Earth (Eriksson, et al., 2012). We gather in families, tribes, clans, and nations. We have an incredibly sophisticated manner of interacting speech. We can communicate over time and distance through printing and broadcasting. Our memories are the longest, our interactions the most intricate, our perception of the world simultaneously the broadest and most detailed (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011).The difference between humans and other animals is that, unlike any other animal (as far as we know), we can and do consciously respond or extrapolate our response to a stimulus (Keogh, 2014). The greatest example lies in the existence of amusement parks, where people deliberately subject themselves to stimuli that any other creature on earth would go to great lengths to avoid (Van Beek, Van Dolderen, Dubas, 2006). Imagine, if you can, the reaction of a dog to a roller coaster. If it did not leap out at the original movement, it would cringe in bottom of the car until it probably had a heart attack.Regardless of the occasional demarcation disputes, non-verbal communication occurs at heart the same basic theoretical account (i.e. output, transmission and input, to condense thousands of pages into three words) as does communication, which is dependent on discrete symbols such as words (Keogh, 2014).Mehrabian found that, on average, words contributed 7% of the number influence on this assessment, while tone of voice and ocular clues contributed 38% an d 55% respectively. These three aspects of communication are sometimes referred to as verbal, vocal and visual (or the three Vs).It is not always immediately obvious whether an instance of communication should be considered verbal or non-verbal (Caspi, Chajut, Saporta, 2008). Some gestures have agreed meanings which are at least as precise as those of some words. Perhaps, like writing and signing, specific gestures should be considered as verbal communication via the visual input. By the same token, a word which is screamed loudly and harshly could be thought of as non-verbal communication via the auditory input especially if its meaning did not fit the condition (Eriksson, et al., 2012).Another way of looking at this issue is to consider whether the meaning is explicit (precisely defined) or implicit (imprecisely evoked). Words are unremarkably explicit, and gestures are usually implicit. However, in the above examples, the gestures were examples of largely explicit communicati on, and the screamed word was an example of largely implicit communication.Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication has always been an important acquisition that all people should develop. Previous studies have hinted at the idea that men and women communicate differently. Spangler, (1995) suggested that women tend to be better at using and decoding nonverbal communicating cues, especially facial expressions. In a stereotypical beliefs study by Caspi, Chajut, and Saporta, (2008), it was suggested that women were believed to use the face and hands to express their ideas more than men. While another study by Schmid, Schmid Mast, Bombari, and Mast, (2011) suggested that women are believed to employ more expressive and involve more nonverbal communication than men, and that they are more skilled at move and receiving nonverbal messages.TheoryNonverbal communication re consecrates two-thirds of all communication. Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct trunk signals. Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious gestures and signals, and the mediation of personal space .The wrong message can be established if the body speech communication conveyed does not match a verbal message. In this research, women are more likely than men to perceive touch from opposite-gender str angers as unpleasant and an invasion of privacy. Moreover, the more women perceive a touch as sexual from a male stranger, the less they perceive the touch as warm and friendly whereas, the more men perceive a touch as sexual from a female stranger, the more they perceive it as warm, pleasant, and friendly (for a review, see Hertenstein et al. 2006b).In the present study, we tested predictions regarding gender differences in the accuracy with which individuals can communicate distinct emotions through touch in human communication, relying on previously published data (Hertenstein et al. 2006). This study included the requisite fo ur different dyad groups (encoder-decoder) femalefemale, femalemale, malemale, and malefemale. Overall accuracy across 12 emotions did not vary by gender, as reported in the original article. However, gender differences were not analyzed for each emotion separately. These aggregate analyses limited the inferences that could be make regarding gender differences in the communication of emotion via touch. In the present study, we analyzed each of the emotions separately focusing on two emotions that evolutionary and social image accounts both suggest should vary by gender sympathy and anger. We also focused on happiness, an emotion that has shown consistent gender differences (e.g., LaFrance et al 2003).Researchers have record empirical support for such stereotypes (Brody and Hall 2000) women report experiencing more happiness than men (Brody 1993) and they smile more than men (Hall et al. 2002 LaFrance et al. 2003). Predicated upon theory and the empirical work demonstrating that wo men witness and express more positive emotionality than men, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would communicate happiness with touch at above-chance takes.In summary, based on theoretical and empirical differentiate reviewed above, we made predictions regarding three different emotions sympathy, anger, and happiness. More specifically, we predicted that when females are in an experimental dyad, sympathy will be decoded at above-chance levels. We also predicted that dyads involving males would accurately communicate anger with touch. Finally, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would accurately communicate happiness with touch.ParticipantsThe participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar setting located in downtown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were not approached or inquired. In vagabond to further investigate the idea that women have better communication skills than men, my partner and I constructed a study where 40 participants were observed. Twenty men and 20 women who were in a bar setting were observed for 2 minutes each. While the individuals were engaged in a conversation, the two-minute timer was set and the summation of times hand gestures used were tallied. We hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, that women will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men.ProcedureWhile in a highly social setting, 36 males and 26 females were identified and observed. As the observers we identified the male or female participant and set our timers for two minutes. Making our utterance as discreet as attainable, every use of nonverbalCommunication was recorded. For the purpose of this study, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than written or spoken, such as hand gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a definite distinction between the end of one gesture and the beginning of another.The chi-square (pronounced kai) distribution is the most commonly used method of comparing similes. It is symbolized by the Greek letter chi or c 2). This test makes it possible to determine whether the difference exists between two groups and their preference or likelihood of doing something is real or just a chance occurrence. In other words, it determines whether a relationship or association exists between being in one of the two groups and the behavior or characteristic under study. If in a work of 692 respondents, we asked whether or not they are interested attending attractions and events that deal with history and heritage during their vacation, and we wanted to determine whether there is a difference in how men and women respond to this question, we could calculate a chi-square.C 2 determines the diffe rences between the observed (fo) and expected frequencies (fe). The observed frequencies are the actual survey results, whereas the expected frequencies refer to the supposed(a) distribution based on the overall proportions between the two characteristics if the two groups are alike. For example, if we have the following survey resultsChoose 1 data set and use this data for the research report for NVCDate set 1Observed frequenciesThen we can calculate our expected frequencies (fe) based on the proportion of respondents who said yes versus no. It can also be calculated for each cell by the row total with the column total divided by the grand totalThis second table, we hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, they will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men, also representing the energy hypothesis or Ho. (Therefore, if a study says that it fails to reject the null hypothesis, it means that no relationship was found to exist between the variables under study.)Hence, the calculation is as followsThe critical value for a level of significance of .05 (or 95% level of confidence, the normal level in this type of research) is 3.841. This means that you are confident that 95% of the distribution falls below this critical value. Since our result is above this value, we canReject the null hypothesis that no difference exists between interest in attending historical attractions and events and gender (in other words, there is a difference between genders) andConclude that the differences in the groups are statistically significant (or not collectable to chance)You will not need to memorize all the critical values since computer programs such as SPSS will not only calculate the c 2 values for you, but will also give you the precise level of observed significance (known as p value), which in our case is .039. If this level of significance is above the standard .05 level of statistical significance, you are dealing with a stat istically significant relationship. Increasing your understanding of non-verbal communication is the first standard in improving your own use and comprehension of this vital aspect of interpersonal interaction. In order to determine the difference between the average amount of nonverbal communication used between men and women, my partner and I constructed an observational study where 40 selected participants were observed for 2 minutes each within a bar setting. The sample group of participants consisted of 20 males and 20 females. The study showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of times women use hand gestures in comparison to the amount of times men use hand gesturesResultsThe difference in the mean of hand gestures used by men (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,two tailed.The data collected did support our hypothesis that women would use more hand gesture s than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men. We believed that women would use more hand gestures than men because of the stereotype, that women are more social and outgoing than men. Women are also believed to express their feelings more than men, which we believed is connected to the way women communicate and the amount of hand gestures they use.ConclusionI believe that further research in this area would be extremely helpful in analyzing why women are better at expressing themselves. Some of the sampling problems in this study could have been that the individuals being observed may have mild case of Tourettes syndrome that causes to have constant movement, that movement could have easily been confused for a hand gesture. Another sampling problem could have been the attempt to grab a drink or a straw could have been counted as a hand gesture, when the gesture had nothing to do with communication.ReferencesBriton, N J, Hall, J A (2005). Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles A journal of Research, 32, 79(12). Retrieved November 5, 2008, from spread out Academic ASAP Database.Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K. (2008). Participation in Class and in Online Discussions Gender Differences.Computers Education,50(3), 718-724.Eriksson, M., Marschik, P. B., Tulviste, T., Almgren, M., Perez Pereira, M., Wehberg, S., Gallego, C. (2012). Differences between Girls and Boys in Emerging Language Skills Evidence from 10 Language Communities.British Journal Of Developmental Psychology,30(2), 326-343.Keogh, E. (2014). Gender differences in the nonverbal communication of pain A new direction for sex, gender, and pain research?.Pain.Schmid, P., Schmid Mast, M., Bombari, D., Mast, F. (2011). Gender Effects in tuition Processing on a Nonverbal Decoding Task.Sex Roles,65(1/2), 102-107.Semnani-Azad, Z., Adair, W. L. (2011). The Display of Dominant Nonverbal Cues in Negotiation The Role of Cultur e and Gender.International Negotiation,16(3), 451-479.Spangler, L. (1995). Gender-Specific Nonverbal Communication jounce for Speaker Effectiveness.Human Resource Development Quarterly,6(4), 409-419.Van Beek, Y., Van Dolderen, M. M., Demon Dubas, J. S. (2006). Gender-Specific Development of Nonverbal Behaviours and Mild Depression in Adolescence.Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry,47(12), 1272-1283.Page 1